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Samut Sakhon province

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Samut Sakhon
สมุทรสาคร
Province
Other transcription(s)
 • Teochew龍仔厝 lê̬ng giăn cu (Peng'im)
From top: Phan Thai Norasing Shrine; Salt farming in Samut Sakhon; Red Bridge; Mahachai seafood market; Mahachai–Tha Chalom ferry; Tha Chin River in Krathum Baen at dusk
Flag of Samut Sakhon
Flag
Official seal of Samut Sakhon
Seal
Nickname: 
Mahachai (Thai: มหาชัย)
Motto: 
เมืองประมง ดงโรงงาน ลานเกษตร เขตประวัติศาสตร์
("City of fisheries. District of factories. Fields of farming. Historical area.")
Map of Thailand highlighting Samut Sakhon province
Map of Thailand highlighting Samut Sakhon province
CountryThailand
CapitalSamut Sakhon
Government
 • GovernorNarit Niramaiwong
(since 2024)
Area
[1]
 • Total
866 km2 (334 sq mi)
 • Rank73rd
Population
 (2024)[2]
 • Total
Increase590,867
 • Rank43rd
 • Density682/km2 (1,770/sq mi)
  • Rank6th
Human Achievement Index
[3]
 • HAI (2022)0.6101 "low"
Ranked 74th
GDP
[4]
 • Totalbaht 398 billion
(US$13.1 billion) (2019)
Time zoneUTC+7 (ICT)
Postal code
74xxx
Calling code034
ISO 3166 codeTH-74
Websitesamutsakhon.go.th
Samut Sakhon Provincial Administrative Organization
องค์การบริหารส่วนจังหวัดสมุทรสาคร
Provincial Administrative Organization
Map
Government
 • TypeLocal administrative divisions
 • BodySamut Sakhon Provincial Administrative Organization
 • PresidentUdom Kraiwatnussorn
Websitesamutsakhonpao.go.th

Samut Sakhon (Thai: สมุทรสาคร, pronounced [sā.mùt sǎː.kʰɔ̄ːn]) is one of the central provinces (changwat) of Thailand, located along the coast of the Gulf of Thailand. In 2024, it had a population of 590,867,[2] and an area of 866 km²,[1] making it the 43rd most populated province whilst being the 4th smallest.

Toponymy

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The word samut originates from the Sanskrit word samudra meaning 'ocean', and the word sakhon from Sanskrit sagara meaning 'lake'.

Geography

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Neighboring provinces are (from the southwest clockwise) Samut Songkhram, Ratchaburi, Nakhon Pathom, and Bangkok. Samut Sakhon is part of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region.
Samut Sakhon is at the mouth of the Tha Chin River, a distributary of the Chao Phraya River, to the Gulf of Thailand. At the coast are many salt pans used for harvesting sea salt.[5] The total forest area is 42 km2 (16 sq mi) or 4.9 percent of provincial area.[1]

Climate

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Samut Sakhon province has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification category Aw). Winters are dry and warm. Temperatures rise until May. The monsoon season runs from May through October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm. Climatological data for the period 1981–2010: Maximum temperature is 39.7 °C (103.5 °F) in April and May and the lowest temperature is 12.0 °C (53.6 °F) in December. The highest average temperature is 35.4 °C (95.7 °F) in April and the minimum average temperature is 22.0 °C (71.6 °F) in December. Mean annual rainfall is 1648 millimeters. The maximum daily rainfall is 248 millimeters in May. Mean rainy days average 130 days per year.[6]

History

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The oldest name of the area is Tha Chin ('Chinese pier'), probably referring to the fact that it was a trading port where Chinese junks arrived.[7] In 1548 the city Sakhon Buri was established, and was renamed Mahachai in 1704 after the Khlong Mahachai which was dug then and connected with the Tha Chin River near the town. King Mongkut gave it its current name, but the old name Mahachai is still sometimes used by locals.[8] It was established by the Act Establishing Changwat Samut Prakan, Changwat Nonthaburi, Changwat Samut Sakhon, and Changwat Nakhon Nayok, Buddhist Era 2489 (1946), which came into force on 9 May 1946.[9]

Economy and environment

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Formerly an agricultural- and fisheries-based province, Samut Sakhon in 2020 has more than 6,000 factories, most of them small, employing fewer than 50 workers, and too small to warrant much attention from Thailand's Pollution Control Department (PCD). Small firms lack the budgets to install the environmental gear that would help protect the environment. As a result, Samut Sakhon is one of the most polluted provinces in the nation.[10]

Soil and water samples from the industrial area of Mueang District were found to be contaminated with high levels of arsenic, lead, cadmium, chromium, zinc, copper, and nickel. High levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPS), byproducts of industrial processes, were present in eggs from free-range chickens. An egg tested by researchers was found to have 84 nanograms per kilogram of dioxins and furans, a level 33 times higher than the safety limit observed by the European Union.[10]

The most polluted air in Thailand in 2018 was found to be in Samut Sakhon province.[11] According to the PCD, the level of PM2.5 in the provincial atmosphere in 2019 was unusually high, measuring as high as 195 micrograms per cubic metre (μg/m3). During the air pollution "season" of 2018–2019, PM2.5 levels exceeded the PCD's safe threshold of 50 μg/m3 for 41 days.[10]

Samut Sakhon is a leading sea salt producer. According to a survey in 2011, 12,572 rai of salt pans were managed by 242 families in Samut Sakhon.[5]

The number of factories in 2022 was 6,458 with a workforce of 372,282 people.[12]

Health

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Hospitals

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Samut Sakhon Hospital with 600 beds, is the main hospital of Samut Sakhon province, operated by the Ministry of Public Health.
In Mueang district there are also: Ekachai Hospital with 142 beds, Mahachai 3 Hospital with 180 beds, Jesada Vechakarn Hospital with 10 beds and Metropolitan Hospital Tha Chalom.
In Krathum Baen district operates the misitry a general hospital, Krathum Baen Hospital with 300 beds.
Ban Phaeo district is served by Ban Phaeo General Hospital with 323 beds,the only hospital public organisation in Thailand.

Health promoting hospitals

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There are total fifty-four health-promoting hospitals in the province, of which; twenty-three in Mueang district, twelve in Krathum Baen district and nineteen in Ban Phaeo district.[13]

Education

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Anno 2024, there are total 146 primary/secondary schools in the province, of which:[14]

  • Mueang district - 78 schools
  • Krathum Baen district - 32 schools
  • Ban Phaeo district - 36 schools

Demographics

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Population

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Population history of Samut Sakhon province is as follows:[15]

1947 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2011 2020
111,479 166,000 158,000 265,464 358,155 466,281 499,098 584,703

Religion

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There are hundred sixteen Theravada Buddhist temples in the province.
Seventy in Mueang district, fifteen in Krathum Baen district and thirty-one in Ban Phaeo district.[16][17]

Transportation

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The province is the intersection of highway 35 eastbound (Bangkok route), highway 35 westbound (Pak Tho district, Ratchaburi province), Ekkachai road (no. 3242) (Chom Thong district, Bangkok), highway 4 eastbound (Bangkok route), south/west bound (southern Thailand).
The area is served by some fifteen bus lines.[18]
Samut Sakhon is along the Maeklong Railway, operated by the State Railway of Thailand and is served by Mahachai railway station on the east bank of the Tha Chin River and Ban Laem railway station on the west bank.

Symbols

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Brand

The provincial seal shows a Chinese junk in front of the coast, with a factory and a smoking chimney in the background. Both refer to the old trading tradition as well as the local industries.

The provincial flag is horizontally divided pink/light blue/pink (1:3:1) the provincial seal in the middle.

The provincial brand is a picture of a white factory, a fishing boat, a fish and blue water and a green leaf.

The provincial tree is commonly called blackboard tree or devil's tree (Alstonia scholaris).

The provincial aquatic animal is the short mackerel (Rastrelliger brachysoma) what with Samut Sakhon is the first province to have short mackerel fishing boat and has the largest amount of this species of fish caught in Thailand.

The provincial slogan is "Fishing city, factory town, agricultural ground, historic site".[19]

Administrative divisions

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Map of Samut Sakhon province with districts

Central government

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The province is divided into three districts (amphoes). The districts are further subdivided into 40 subdistricts (tambons) and 289 villages (mubans).[2]

District Pop. Subdistr. Villages
Mueang Samut Sakhon 305,698 12 116
Krathum Baen 183,903 18 76
Ban Phaeo 101,266 10 97
Total 590,867 40 289

Local government

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As of December 2024 there are: one Samut Sakhon Provincial Administrative Organization (PAO) (ongkan borihan suan changwat) and sixteen municipal (thesaban) areas in the province. The capital Samut Sakhon and Om Noi have city (thesaban nakhon) status. Three have town (thesaban mueang) status and eleven are subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambon).[20]

  City municipalities people LAO code        
 1 Om Noi 53,914 03740201   2 Samut Sakhon 53,221 03740102
  Town municipalities people LAO code   2 Krathum Baen.[21] 23,204 04740202
 1 Phanthai Norasing[22] 42,851 04740113   3 Khlong Maduea.[23] 22,350 04740205
  Subdistrict mun. people LAO code   6 Khok Krabue   10,492 05740114
 1 Lak Ha 42,296 05740303   7 Khae Rai   9,094 05740206
 2 Suan Luang 39,007 05740203   8 Don Kai Di   8,624 05740204
 3 Na Di 28,338 05740105   9 Bang Pla   7,650 05740103
 4 Bang Ya Phraek 26,216 05740104 10 Kaset Phatthana   5,221 005740301
 5 Tha Chin 10,984 05740106 11 Ban Phaeo   2,772 05740302
  City municipalities (thesaban nakhon)
  Town municipalities (thesaban mueang)
  Subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambon)

The non-municipal areas are administered by 21 'Subdistrict Administrative Organizations (SAO)' (ongkan borihan suan tambon):
Mueang Samut Sakhon - 10, Krathum Baen - 4 and Ban Phaeo - 7.[20]

The communities, although not directly chosen by the local citizens, they provides advice and recommendations to the local administrative organization are:

  Municipality Communities Groups
  Samut Sakhon[24] 32 3
  Om Noi[25] 28 -
  Krathum Baen[26]   9 -
  Khlong Maduea[27] 11 -
  Suan Luang[28] 14 -

Human achievement index 2022

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Health Education Employment Income
31 59 11 7
Housing Family Transport Participation
77 9 3 72
Province Samut Sakhon, with an HAI 2022 value of 0.6101 is "low", occupies place 74 in the ranking.

Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017.[3]

Rank Classification
  1 - 13 "high"
14 - 29 "somewhat high"
30 - 45 "average"
46 - 61 "somewhat low"
62 - 77 "low"

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Table 2 Forest area Separate province year 2019". Royal Forest Department. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  2. ^ a b c "Official statistics registration systems". Department of Provincial Administration (DOPA). Retrieved 25 April 2025, year 2024 >village level >Excel File >no.7401-7403, 7491-7499> Excel line >no.79295-79662{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  3. ^ a b "ข้อมูลสถิติดัชนีความก้าวหน้าของคน ปี 2565 (PDF)" [Human Achievement Index Databook year 2022 (PDF)]. Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC) (in Thai). Retrieved 12 March 2024, page 75{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  4. ^ "Gross Regional and Provincial Product, 2019 Edition". <>. Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC). July 2019. ISSN 1686-0799. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  5. ^ a b Wattanavanitvut, Phongthai (10 September 2016). "Salt industry prepares for a shake-up". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  6. ^ "Climatological data for the period 1981–2010". Thai Meteorological Department. 2011. pp. 16–17. Retrieved 24 November 2019, Data are from nearest weather station Bangkok (32 km){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  7. ^ "About Samut Sakhon". Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  8. ^ "History". Samut Sakhon province. 2014. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  9. ^ พระราชบัญญัติจัดตั้งจังหวัดสมุทรปราการ จังหวัดนนทบุรี จังหวัดสมุทรสาคร และจังหวัดนครนายก พุทธศักราช ๒๔๘๙ [Act Establishing Changwat Samut Prakan, Changwat Nonthaburi, Changwat Samut Sakhon and Changwat Nakhon Nayok, Buddhist Era 2489 (1946)] (PDF). Royal Thai Government Gazette. 63 (29 Kor): 315–317. 9 May 1946. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  10. ^ a b c Kongrut, Anchalee (9 February 2020). "Pollution taints seaside community's prosperity". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  11. ^ "World most polluted cities 2018 (PM2.5)". AirVisual. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  12. ^ "factory_worker_cwt65-67". Retrieved 25 April 2025.
  13. ^ "Name-of-the-hospital-service-unit". Ministry of Public Health. Retrieved 24 April 2025, >health zone 5 no.08453-08508, 11838, 14074{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  14. ^ Number of schools classified by educational level and district (Report). Samut Sakhon Provincial Education Office. 24 January 2025.
  15. ^ "Statistical Yearbook Thailand 2012". National Statistical Office Thailand. Retrieved 25 April 2025.
  16. ^ "list of temples (1)". Retrieved 25 April 2025, Sect Maha Nikai no.274010101-274031201{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  17. ^ "list of temples (2)". Retrieved 25 April 2025, Sect Dhammayut no.674010101-674031101{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  18. ^ "Infrastructure". Samut Sakhon City. Retrieved 25 April 2025, travel{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  19. ^ "About Us". Samut Sakhon province. 2014. Archived from the original on 1 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  20. ^ a b "Local Government Organization Code". DLA. Retrieved 25 April 2025.
  21. ^ "พระราชกฤษฎีกา จัดตั้งเทศบาลนเมืองกระทุ่มแบน จังหวัดสมุทรสาคร พ.ศ.๒๕๓๘" [Royal Decree Establish of Thesaban Mueang Krathum Baen, Samut Sakhon Province B.E.2538] (PDF). Royal Thai Government Gazette. 112 (40 Kor): 62–65. 24 September 1995. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  22. ^ "ประกาศกระทรวงมหาดไทย เรื่อง จัดตั้งองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลพันท้ายนรสิงห์ อำเภอเมืองสมุทรสาคร จังหวัดสมุทสาคร เป็นเทศบาเมืองพันท้ายนรสิงห์" [Notification of the Ministry of Interior Re: Establishment of Phanthai Norasing Subdistrict Administrative Organization Amphoe Mueang Samut Sakhon District Samut Sakhon Province is Phanthai Norasing Town Municipality] (PDF). Royal Gazette (in Thai). 142 (Special 43 Ngor): 22-27. 3 February 2025. Retrieved 25 April 2025.
  23. ^ "ประกาศกระทรวงมหาดไทย เรื่อง จัดตั้งองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลคลองมะเดื่อ อำเภอกระทุ่มแบน จังหวัดสมุทสาคร เป็นเทศบาเมืองคลองมะเดื่อ" [Notification of the Ministry of Interior Re: Establishment of Khlong Maduea Subdistrict Administrative Organization Amphoe Krathum Baen Changwat Samut Sakhon is Thesaban Mueang Khlong Maduea] (PDF). Royal Thai Government Gazette. 136 (Special 309 Ngor): 23. 19 December 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  24. ^ "รายชื่อชุมชนในเขตเทศบาลนครสมุทรสาคร" [List of communities in the Samut Sakhon Municipality]. sakhoncity.go.th (in Thai). 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020. 32 communities in 3 groups.
  25. ^ "ชุมชน" [Communities]. omnoi.go.th (in Thai). 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020. 28 communities.
  26. ^ "ชุมชน" [Communities]. ktb.go.th (in Thai). 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020. 9 communities.
  27. ^ "ข้อมูลชุมชน" [Community information]. klongmadua.go.th (in Thai). 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020. 11 communities.
  28. ^ "สภาพทั่วไป" [General condition]. suanluang.go.th (in Thai). 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020. 14 communities.
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